Strategic Analysis Of Siemens Company Management Essay

Strategic Analysis Of Siemens Company Management Essay This essay will start with a brief description of Siemens, an introduction of its current mission statement and an evaluation of the key strategic issues/objectives which Siemens faced and are facing. The next part, two appropriate tools of analysis, PESTEL analysis of the external environment the organization faces, and Porters 5-Forces analysis of the competitive environment in which Siemens operates; a summary of its key strategic resources and competencies, and any resources that it lacks will follow these tow analysis. At last, SWOT analysis will be applied to describe and evaluate the strategic options for Siemens. Siemens is Europes largest engineering conglomerate.Siemens international headquarters are located in Berlin, Munich and Erlangen, Germany. Siemens is a diversified group, with business in information and communications, automation and control, power, transportation, medical and lighting businesses. The groups businesses have strong leadership in electronics and electrical engineering. Siemens has experienced significant restructuring in recent years, including divestments, acquisitions and reorganization of divisions. Siemens has three main business sectors: Industry, Energy and Healthcare and it has with a total of 15 divisions (Barclay, 2000). Worldwide Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 420,800 people in nearly 190 countries and reported global revenue of 76.651 billion Euros as of 2009. Siemens AG is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since March 12, 2001. Mission and vision Highest performance with highest ethics that is the standard demanded by Siemens present president and CEO Peter LÃ ¶scher. Its mission is to find the best way of combining and developing our know-how and expertise, so that Siemens can profitably channel them into outstanding value for customers. It has three core values- Responsible: Committed to ethical and responsible actions Excellent: Achieving high performance and excellent results; Innovative: Being innovative to create sustainable value. Siemens Strategic profile Keeping Profitable and long-term growth is the business strategy of Siemens, which is direct and simple. Specifically, according to the report of Siemens AG, there is several important components Siemens strategy, which is showed in the table below. 2.jpg Source: http://www.siemens.com In summary, there are several key management strategies as following. Making better use of sustainability as an opportunity Siemens view sustainability as an important success factor. Sustainability serves as the basis for Siemens future business success and is a key pillar of Siemens corporate strategy. Siemens is in a strong position to meet tomorrow business challenges, so sustainability is very important. By concentrating its activities in the three Sectors Industry, Energy and Healthcare, Siemens has a setup that enables it to profit from four key megatrends demographic change, urbanization, climate change and globalization. And with the Siemens Environmental Portfolio, it has an exceptionally broad spectrum of products and solutions for environmental and climate protection (Barney, 1986). Whats more, sustainability is thought by Siemens to be closely linked to its values. In all its complexity, Siemens view sustainability as a contribution to a more equitable world economy and the provision of energy-efficient, durable products and solutions for Siemens customers. In Siemens sustainability is also the expression of a responsible employee culture and a sign of uncompromising compliance with laws and regulations. Diversity as a factor of success Siemens is promoting diversity in the management ranks of the company to a greater degree than ever before. Up to nowadays, Siemens has given diversity a permanent place in the corporate level strategy. In Siemens culture, in view of the shortage of highly qualified people and demographic changes, diversity is a prerequisite for Siemens long-term success. The supply of qualified technical people and managers in the industrialized world is growing ever tighter. That makes it even more important for Siemens to acquire talented people and to create an environment that allows them to take on key functions in all units of Siemens- irrespective of factors such as nationality, age, gender, origin or religion. In the year 2008, Siemens applied the strategy of diversity into organizational structure. Siemens created the position of Chief Diversity Officer and appointed Jill Lee, previously the Chief Financial Officer of Siemens China, to the new position. Armed with a comprehensive package of measures, Jill Lee would work in the coming years to meet an ambitious target: By 2011 Siemens wants to have dramatically expanded diversity among the members of its top management. Siemens wants to become the leader in diversity. Delivering breakthrough innovations, Innovation has always been one of the most important elements in Siemens business strategy. In Siemens culture, Innovations are thought to be able to help cut costs, increase sales and achieve higher earnings, and, those who fail to launch the right new product on the market at the right time will be punished more severely than ever before. Siemens intends to become a pioneer in diversity. While this is very important, Siemens to this day remains a very German and very centralized company. Competitors such as ABB are many years ahead in this respect as can be seen in various dimensions such as board structure, regional management or repartition of headquarter functions. Siemens intends to become a pioneer in diversity. While this is very important, Siemens to this day remains a very German and very centralized company. Competitors such as ABB are many years ahead in this respect as can be seen in various dimensions such as board structure, regional management or repartition of headquarter functions. Siemens intends to become a pioneer in diversity. While this is very important, Siemens to this day remains a very German and very centralized company. Competitors such as ABB are many years ahead in this respect as can be seen in various dimensions such as board structure, regional management or repartition of headquarter functions. Strategic analysis for Siemens Firstly, Porters five forces and PESTEL will be applied to evaluate the microenvironment of Siemens and a complete SWOT analysis will follow to assess he strategic options for Siemens. Porters five forces One of the most important division and product of Siemens is electrical equipment and so Porters five forces will be applied to assess electrical equipment industry together with Siemens. Porters five forces Degree of rivalry The degree of completion in this industry is pretty high and there are many big players in this market Bargaining power of customers The space for customers to bargain is limited as the products are highly specialized and buyers are always governments or big companies. Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers who supply raw materials or parts to manufactures have little bargaining power Threat of new entrants: As the equipment is of high technology, in the early stage of this industry, the entrant barrier of this industry is high. Siemens and GE have dominated this industry for decades. Threat of substitutes However, with the popularity of new energy technologies, some small companies also entered this market with lower-cost technology and energy, so it is getting more and easier to find a substituted in some limited field in a small scale. Degree of rivalry: In this industry, Siemens competes with big players such as General Electric (GE) of Fairfield, Conn., and ABB of Switzerland. GE has a strong market position in this industry, while ABB has great advantages in power generation and transmission. The number of market players in this field is big and the degree of rivalry is high (Barney, 1995). Bargaining power of customers: In other industries, companies are liable to cut their prices as they compete for jobs. This is less likely to happen with industrial electrical equipment. These products are highly specialized and technical, making it difficult for customers to find comparable products at lower prices. And because these products have relatively few buyers, their prices are less likely to be pushed down by free-market forces. Bargaining power of suppliers: Companies that provide parts and materials to these firms have little negotiating power. The components used in these complex electrical systems have little value until theyre part of the finished product. Suppliers of the raw components are a dime a dozen and can easily be replaced. The complicated nature of this equipment would also make it difficult for suppliers to cut out the middlemen and sell directly to end customers. These suppliers usually lack the skill and sophistication to build these products. Threat of new entrants: Siemens and GE have dominated this industry for decades. To run with the big players, a new company would need a great deal of investment. The company needs to have very good credibility and connections of both established firms and governments. So the entrant barrier for this industry is high. Threat of substitutes: some new technologies from smaller companies, which focus on green energy, have posted threat to big companies that lacks a competing product. In solar equipment, for example, some smaller companies are becoming more viable as their technology becomes cheaper, while solar companies may soon have the strength to compete with traditional power source on price and performance, the threat from substitutes post pressure to supplier like Siemens. In summary, although the completion in this industry is fierce, the entrant barrier for new entrants is high, whats more, both customer and supplier have limited bargaining power. The pressure from small companies which focus on green energy keep increasing as they have advantages on price and cost. PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment The external environment for international business is always complicated and dynamic. The PESTEL analysis of the maco-environment of Siemens is based from two perspectives: one is that Siemens run its business in German and the other condition is that it runs its business internationally or in other destination countries. PESTEL analysis for Siemens Germany GLOBAL Political Germany government policy on subsidies; subsiding policies for German firms Different countries has different policies; the relationship between the government of destination country and German; degree of local governments intervention in the economy; the quality of service that local government provide to foreign firms; subsiding policies for domestic firms; tariff barrier of non-tariff barrier from destination country; the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and Economic The economy in Germany; the growth rate of German economy; interest rate; inflation rate; domestic competitors. Global financial crisis; Overseas economic growth; the structure of local economy; the quality of the infrastructure of the economy such as the transportation and electrical system; level of national income; interest rate; exchange rate; inflation rate; Market demand and segments for Siemens products; local and international competitors. Social Structure and size of population; Structure and size of population; Availability of local human resources; Migration flows; culture differences; brand image of Siemens in destination country Technological New technologies related with Siemens business in German; any technology that could reduce cost, improve quality or service and help marketing such as on-line technology. International technological breakthroughs; New technologies related with Siemens business in German; advantages and disadvantages of Siemens technologies when compared with international competitors; any technology that could reduce cost, improve quality or service and help marketing such as on-line technology. Environmental Weather and climate in German; hardware such as land available for Siemens business Global climate change; weather and climate in destination country; natural environment ; Legal Environment regulation; related laws in German. Related international and local laws and regulations. Political Political factors always have great impact over the maco-environment in which the business runs, so muti-national companies need to do research on political environment before their international marketing planning. Siemens is doing well in evaluating political risk before it enters a new market. It is lucky for it that Germen government has steady relationship with lots of countries. Siemens often need to evaluate the historical relationship between countries that would benefit or do harm to its business. The influence of communities or unions for trading is also in its consideration. For example, trade barrier is also implemented in different firms of local laws. If necessary, a report regarding the political risks needs to be completed before its international marketing (Bell, 2001). Economic The economic situation in destination countries, the impact of currency fluctuations on exchange rates, the development of local market, the local market structure (Barney, 1996), the local human resources and the predisposition of local consumers are all very important issues for Siemens to consider (Bierly,1996). The global economy just experienced the financial crisis; Siemens business in most countries also experienced a downturn. Another problem is that, together with the financial crisis is the tightened credit system for Siemens, which brought a lot of trouble to its business. The highlight is that some new markets such as the China market are still growing fast and these new markets provide good opportunities for Siemens revenue generation. From economic perspective, Siemens has got steady financial performance in the recent years. Social The cultural difference is often a tough problem that all the muti-national companies have met with (Choi, 2000) . Culture, religion and society are of great importance to us. Will and how the local cultural differences affect Siemens business should also be evaluated. One of Siemens strategies is Diversity as a factor of success. Siemens is promoting diversity in the management ranks of the company to a greater degree than ever before. In the year 2008, Siemens applied the strategy of diversity into organizational structure. Siemens created the position of Chief Diversity Officer. Besides, the brand image of Siemens is very good and also means high quality by many purchasers (Davenport, et, 2000), which is one of Siemens advantages from the social perspective. Technological Siemens still have great technological advantages in its professional fields and it is still holding an advanced position in the international competition. However, in some countries where governments are not willing to afford high cost of new equipments, some smaller companies gained advantages over Siemens. For example, smaller companies like First Solar (FSLR) are more viable than Siemens as their technology becomes cheaper. Environmental With increasing attention from all countries in the world on global warming and with greater environmental awareness, environment is becoming a significant issue for muti-national firms to consider (Michael, 2003). The growing desire to protect the environment is having a great impact the industry. More environmentally friendly products and processes are in urgent demand. All of these external factors can bring good business opportunities for Siemens. Legal The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive of the European Union (EU) makes producers of electrical and electronic goods financially responsible for specified collection, recycling, treatment and disposal of past and future covered products. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2006, which implement most aspects of the WEEE Directive, came into force in 2007 in most Europe countries. Several product divisions of Siemens are subject to the WEEE regulation (Hofee, 2003). SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Big company scale and market share; Strong brand image; It has a lot of divisions; Steady financial performance. Strong RD capabilities Good at diversity Less innovative in the low-cost new technology Low in credit rating Weak in internal control Depend upon third party service providers for majority of its operational activities Opportunities Threats Increasing demand for environment friendly products Bankrupt of some local companies in other countries Joint venture with other big playes New regulation; Completion from new and smaller competitors; Unclear trend of global economy Strengths Siemens is a German engineering conglomerate with considerable scale and market share; Siemens is a diversified group, with business in information and communications, automation and control, power, transportation, medical and lighting businesses. It have strong brand image. The brand of Siemens has good global market penetration. The brand is always connected with products of high quality in a lot of markets. It has steady financial performance in recent years (Dess, 2008). Over the years, Siemens has delivered steady financial results. Siemens net profits have a similar trend in recent years. Steady financial performance enables Siemens to manage its operations well and also improve the financial flexibility in the next a few years. Siemens is famous for its Strong RD capabilities, which is also an important factor for its business success. Its research and development (RD) investment keeps increasing in recent years; the average number of employees engaged in RD also keeps increasing (Grant, 2008). The groups focus in RD facilitates development of new products and enhancements to existing products help in maintaining its strong market position and serving a new segment of customers. The global economy needs diversity. Siemens has given diversity a permanent place in the corporate level strategy. In Siemens culture, in view of the shortage of highly qualified people and demographic changes, diversity is a prerequisite for Siemens long-term success. Weakness Siemens is less innovative in the low-cost new technology. For example, smaller companies like First Solar (FSLR) are more viable than Siemens as their technology becomes cheaper, so Siemens now face the pressure from smaller companies. Siemens is low in credit rating. Siemenss credit ratings were downgraded by some major global rating agencies in the recent years, which is partly due to its capital structure (Hungenberg, 2008). In November 2007, Moodys Investors Service downgraded Siemens long-term corporate credit rating from Aa3 to A1.Its finance is not good at generating cash flow, therefore, Siemens ability to obtain new funding and investment from external investors may be negatively affected by its low credit rating. Its internal controlling mode is not as effective as expected. Some reviewers said Siemens disclosure controls and procedures have been not effective due to material weakness in its internal control. In the area of anti-corruption and financial report, Siemens got a lot of trouble due to its weakness in internal control. Siemens relied on third party service organizations for most of its operational activities. It buys third party services for manufacturing, assembling and testing its products, while these third parties always have kinds of tie ups with multiple companies. Any problems from these third parties could adversely affect the groups operations. Heavy dependence on third party reduces the groups control over its operation and business costs. The consistence of the products could not be guaranteed, either. Opportunities During the financial crisis, a lot of small companies went bankrupt, some companies are of great value to enhance Siemens competency. It is a good time to buy these companies with low cost. Ally with a strong player is a good way to share the resource and enhance the competency of both companies. For example, joint venture is a good way. Nokia and Siemens established a 50-50 joint venture in 2007. The joint venture is called Nokia Siemens Networks, which combined Nokias networks business and Siemens carrier related operations for fixed and mobile networks. This joint venture is expected to provide significant long term returns to both groups. As all the countries are caring more about the environment, There is a increasing demand for environment friendly products, which is related to several products line of Siemens. Threats The new regulation of producers of electrical and electronic goods financially responsible for specified collection, recycling, treatment and disposal of past and future covered products post sizeable costs and liabilities to Siemens. Small companies are gaining market share by their products with lower price, which make the competition more intense. The global economy has not fully recovered from the financial crisis, so the market has not fully recovered, either. Besides, the credit is still tight, and it is very difficult for Siemens to get new funding from external capital market.

Explain the Importance and Benefits of Assessment for Learning Essay

Assessment for learning is an essential part of a child’s education as it defines whether or not the objectives of teaching are being met, assessments affects decisions about grades, educational needs of children and in some cases funding. Assessment for learning is a significant way to raise a pupil’s academic achievement and is centred on the belief that in order for children to progress in school then they must understand the purpose of their learning, where they are in relation to this purpose and how they can achieve their goals. Assessments will help a pupil reflect on their own development which in turn will help them recognize and appreciate their own strengths as well as developing an insight into themselves as students. If a child is given the opportunity to discuss their learning either with a teacher or one of their peers then they will develop a deeper understanding of their learning which can build confidence and motivate them as students. Effective assessment will identify individual educational needs of all children as well as informing them about their specific performances and achievements, this will then allow teachers to utilise approaches that are personalised to the needs of a child. Assessment can be used not only to measure learning but also to promote learning by teaching children how to ask questions as well as answering them, by emphasising to a child that it is acceptable to ‘Have a go’ and that by giving the wrong answer it is still learning.

The Sole Method You Should Be Using for Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics Exposed

The Sole Method You Should Be Using for Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics Exposed Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics Ideas A Few Words About the Content and Organization To find a great grade, the subject of your essay ought to be interesting to your reader. Causes are introduced as argumentative topics which introduce the main topics of contemporary society in a concise presentation where creativity in critical. The environmental field is full of various facets and consequently intriguing cause and effect essay topics. Maybe you are in need of an easy topic which will not see you devote all of your time doing research with very little success. In case the project is quite substantial and important, then you are going to require an in-depth comprehension of the topic. Superior essay topics could be found online, but the majority of them are pretty old and not intriguing. Once more, based on the content you've got to provide, the essay needs to be organized to suit your information efficiently and neatly. Moreover, your essay ought to be organized properly. Hence, it must be interesting and engaging enough if you want to entice your readers. The Advantages of Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics Topics for cause and effect essay could be variable, but the paper presupposes that the author should do lots of analyses and discover the root of the problem under review, the explanations for it and the resultant outcomes. Analysis essays separate a subject into its constituent parts for the intent of understanding their function regarding the whole. Cause and effect essay have many sub-types. Though cause and effect essays form a different sort of essays, it may also be subdivided into four different types. If you're tasked with writing a cause and effect paper there are lots of topics you may want to cover. Ultimately, working with sources, do not neglect to compose its bibliographical information because it will be crucial for making your reference list. You need to carry out research in order for your points and ideas are going to have the necessary supporting details. Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics for Dummies When you wish to create an amazing cause and effect essay for college, acquiring an engaging topic you need to understand you could have fun too! Before you commence working on cause and effect essay outline the very first thing you have to do is to select a winning topic. Needless to say, it may be any variety of explanations. When picking a topic to cope with, you should make certain it's in clear connection with the intricacies of the issue under review. Where to Find Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics It's well worth mentioning that in the majority of the scen arios the student is to write either about the reason or about the result. Some factors like recession, outsourcing, and too little education have been fronted in an effort to spell out the phenomenon. To boost wellness one ought to comprehend what the roots of the issue are and how to prevent it. The previous cause explaining why the nation could be facing hunger is the dearth of products in the markets. In the 2nd scenario, the thesis might be, The principal effects of various troubles with teens are the reduction in the literacy rates among the people of the United States of america. Another dilemma is a result. As students, you can't avoid writing cause and effect essays sooner or later in time. Topics for a cause and effect essay can be found on the internet, or you could brainstorm with a friend and see what you could work out but clearly, you could also find online strategies on writing papers for college. If you don't understand how to compose a cause and effect essay, don't hesitate to ask your instructor for aid. Cause and effect essays are a few of the most usual pieces, students will be asked to write.

The Nature of the United States Constitution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1965 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: United States Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 3: United States of Americas Position 3.1 Nature of United States of Americas Constitution We had discovered on how Malaysia and United Kingdoms both constitution protect the human rights and liberties of people. Now, we are going to explain how United States of America (USA) Constitution works to protect liberties of people. First, we must understand the nature and history of USA constitution. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Nature of the United States Constitution" essay for you Create order In USA, the constitution is the supreme law of the land. In other words, it is the rule of law in USA. Thus, any provision of laws is ultra vires against USA Constitution will be strike down. It has the same position with Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitution and they are called as codified written constitution. Before the federation of USA is formed, thirteen states are colonized by the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1775-1783, there is a revolution leaded by George Washington began as a war between both parties. This revolution is called as American Revolutionary War, or the American War of Independence, or Revolutionary War. [1] After Revolutionary War ended up, these states were free of the British monarchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim of sovereignty. Then, they went through a pre-government phase. At this phrase, there a group of man known as the Framers, who were come from all the states and having a meeting which is called as Convention. In this Convention, they were discussing and arguing what should include in a brand new Constitution. After the Convention, the drafting of Constitution had to be approved. Initially, only nine states had agreed to, and the remaining three states did not want to ratify the Constitution, because it did not contain of Bill of Rights. [2] However, USA Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788. [3]Later, as the new Constitution took effect in practice, the concern over individual liberties gave rise to the amendment of the Constitution. Eventually, the Congress proposed the Bill of Rights, which contains 12 lists of Articles. In 1791, only 10 lists were accepted and being added to the Constitution. These ten changes are called as the first ten amendment of USA Constitution. [4] 3.2 Bill of Rights of USA Constitution As mentioned early, the first then amendments of USA Constitution is a Bill of Rights. As compared to Malaysia, Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitution did have few articles on the provision of liberties a nd rights of people, but the articles are not as comprehensive as the ten amendments of USA Constitution. According to the Freedom in the Houseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report, USA is recognised as a Free State. Besides that, the Freedom Rating in USA is 1.0 (1=best, 7-=worst). [5] From the report, we can see that the people in USA seem to having enjoyed great liberties. This is because the Bill of Rights had given comprehensive rights to the people in USA. The Amendments I-X are the Bill of Rights. For example, the Amendment I stated that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[6] This amendment had limited the power of Congress to make any provision of law to prohibiting the freedom of speech, of the press, the right of t he people peaceably to assemble, and the right to establish a religion. Next, the Amendment II had given a huge right to people to bear arms, as it stated as following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [7] In respecting the right of self-defence, USA Constitution had allowed the right to bear arms to the people. However, the people are can only keep and bear allowed weapon, as prescribed by the law. Amendment VI also provides right to fair trial to the people. [8]In this aspect, natural justice had been achieved and guaranteed by USA Constitution. Besides that, the Bill of Rights also protect other liberties, such as rights in criminal cases, right in civil cases, right retained by the people, and also even Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rights. 3.3 Issue of Invasion of Privacy in Telecommunication According to Amendment IV of USA Const itution, it had provided the provision on search and arrest. It protects the right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, paper works, and effects, as to against unreasonable searches and seizures. [9]From this, public authorities cannot simply search and seizure any person or any property, unless it is reasonable and laws allow it. However, recently, it is reported that the USA government is spying on the people through their computers, phones, via mobile scanners and drones, and in many others ways. [10]The way of spying done by the government is destroying the right of privacy. All information of the people is obtained by the government in a manner of unauthorized, or we called it as unreasonable searches and seizures. There are many reported cases on the issue of invasion of privacy. In Mapp v Ohio[11], the plaintiff was requested by the defendant (police office) for permission to enter plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s house. However, she rejected due absence of sear ch warrant. Later, the defendant and another two police officers broke in her house and search her house for a bombing suspect. She was arrested, prosecuted for possession of pornographic. The issue of this case was whether the evidence that was obtained in way of absence of search warrant is a lawful evidence that to be use in a trial. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of plaintiff, and applied the exclusionary rule to the states. According to this rule, it requires the courts to reject from evidence that was obtained in violation of the constitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ban on unreasonable searches and arrests. From this decision, we can see that the court tried to apply the Amendment IV to protect peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right of privacy against unjust unreasonable searches and seizures. There is another issue of invasion of privacy in telecommunication rose in the case of Katz v United States[12]. In this case, the plaintiff was making a call to transmit illegal gambling wagers. However, the FBI was recording his telephone conversation via an electronic eavesdropping device contacted to the exterior of the phone booth. Later, he was convicted based on these recordings record. The issue of this case was whether the unauthorised recording of telephone conversation can be used as evidence in court and whether the right to privacy extend to the telephone booths and other public places. Again, the Supreme Court rules 7-1 in favour of Katz. It was held that a conversation is protected from unreasonable search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment, and the recording is unconstitutional due to absence of warrant. In short, according to two cases above, we can found that the judges of USA tried to interpret the provision of Amendment IV of USA Constitution as widely as possible. For example, in the case of Katz, the court ruled that wiretapping of telephone conservation without warrant is violated the right of privacy and the courts are favour in prohibiting any unreasonable search and seizures. Thus, the right of privacy in USA is highly protected and secured by the judges. 3.4 Issue of Rights to Bear Arms As stated above, the second amendments had provided the right to bear arms. It means that everyone in USA have the right or liberties to own and brings an arms. However, it causes a lot of problems. First problem is the right to bear arms is the main causes of murder cases. According to FBIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s report, in 2000, there are estimated 66% of the 15,517 murders were committed with firearms. [13] More than half of the murder cases are having connection with firearms in the tear of 2000! Besides that, it is reported that the residents who having a gun is 5 times more likely to commit suicide than residents who without arms. [14] Eventually, some citizens and politicians are arguing that the right of bears arm should be removed. From the statistics above, we can know that this liberty is triggering so m any cases of murder and suicide, then why the government of USA still refused to remove this right. In order to answer this issue or question, we have to look at what Judge Richard Posner had said. He stated that whether the eighteenth-century American well understood the effect of incorporates this right into the Constitution is not material, but the Supreme Court had agreed that the right to bear arms is important for self-defence, which is as important at outside the house as inside. [15] From him, we can summarize that the right of bear arms is an important civil liberties for American, and it cannot be removed. Next, there is an important decision upheld or ruled by the Supreme Court in the case of District of Columbia v Heller[16], in order to answer the issue of removing right to bear arms. It stated that, in the sense of liberties, the Second Amendment right is not absolute, and it is not a right to keep and carry any weapon at all, in whichever manner whatsoever and f or whatever purpose. The Court also suggested that the concealed weapons prohibition should be upheld or listed under the such amendments or any state law or any written law, in condition of do not violate the basic right to bear arms. From this decision, the right to bear arms is not being repealed, but being restricted to conform public order, in order to restrict people to having concealed weapons, and in the sense of liberties, they are allowed to bear some simple protective arms for the purpose of self-defence. 3.5 Civil Rights and Liberties in United State Although there are some infringement issue on the right of people in USA, but from the cases stated above, we can see that the judges had tried to give favour in the citizens to uphold their rights and liberties, according to what the Constitution had provided. Whatsoever, there must a reasonable restriction imposed on the rights and liberties of people, in a modern democratic society. However, we can conclude that USA has a vibrant civil society that enjoys strong constitutional protections. [1] Michael T.Moe, Matthew P.Hanson, Li Jiang, and Luben Pampoulov, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"American Revolution 2.0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (GSV Asset Management, 4 July 2012) lt;https://gsvadvisors.com/wordpress/wp-content/themes/gsvadvisors/American%20Revolution%202.0.pdfgt; accessed 6 January 2014 [2] Crag Walenta, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Constitution For Kidsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (6 August 2010) lt;https://www.usconstitution.net/constkids.htmlgt; accessed 6 January 2014 [3] U.S. Department of State, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Constitution of the United States of America with Explanatory Notesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) lt;https://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/30145/publications-english/constitution.pdfgt; accessed 6 January 2014 [4] Ibid (2) accessed 6 January 2014 [5] Freedom House, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Freedom in the Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) lt;https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/united-statesgt; accessed 6 January 2014 [6] Ibid (3) accessed 6 January 2014 [7] Ibid. acce ssed 6 January 2014. [8] Ibid. accessed 6 January 2014. [9] Ibid. accessed 6 January 2014. [10] WashingtonsBlog, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Government Is Spying On Us Through Our Computers, Phones, Cars, Buses, Streetlights, At Airports And On The Street, Via Mobile Scanners And Drones, Through Our Smart Meters, And In Many Other Waysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (WashingtonsBlog, 23 September 2013) lt;https://www.washingtonsblog.com/2013/09/the-government-is-spying-on-us-through-our-computers-phones-cars-buses-streetlights-at-airports-and-on-the-street-via-mobile-scanners-and-drones-through-our-smart-meters-and-in-many-other-ways.htmlgt; accessed 6 January 2014 [11] Mapp v. Ohio 367 U.S. 643 (1961) [12] Katz v. United States 389 U.S. 347 (1967) [13] Anonymous, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Case Study: GUNS IN THE USAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ BBC World Service, lt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/ihavearightto/four_b/casestudy_art29.shtmlgt; accessed 7 January 2014 [14] Jason, à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Case for Gun Controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ lt;https://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~zj5j-gttl/guns.htmgt; accessed 7 January 2014 [15] Awr Hawkins, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"CONCEALED CARRY COMING TO ILLINOIS: FEDERAL COURT STRIKES DOWN BANà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Breitbart, 11 Dec 2012) lt;https://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2012/12/11/Concealed-Carry-Coming-To-Illinois-Federal-Court-Strikes-Down-Bangt; accessed 7 January 2014 [16] District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)